In this article, you'll learn about the SOLID principles. You'll gain an understanding of each principle along with Java code examples.
SOLID principles are a set of five design principles used in object-oriented programming. Adhering to these principles will help you develop robust software. They will make your code more efficient, readable, and maintainable.
SOLID is an acronym that stands for:
- Single Responsibility Principle
- Open/Closed Principle
- Liskov Substitution Principle
- Interface Segregation Principle
- Dependency Inversion Principle
Single Responsibility Principle
The single responsibilty principle states that every class must have a single, focused responsibility, a single reason to change.
public class Employee{
public String getDesignation(int employeeID){ // }
public void updateSalary(int employeeID){ // }
public void sendMail(){ // }
}In the above example, the Employee class has a few employee class-specific behaviors like getDesignation & updateSalary.
Additionally, it also has another method named sendMail which deviates from the responsibility of the Employee class.
This behavior is not specific to this class, and having it violates the single responsibility principle. To overcome this, you can move the sendMail method to a separate class.
Here's how:
public class Employee{
public String getDesignation(int employeeID){ // }
public void updateSalary(int employeeID){ // }
}
public class NotificationService {
public void sendMail() { // }
}Open/Closed Principle
According to the open/closed priniciple, components must be open for extension, but, closed for modification. To understand this principle, let us take an example of a class that calculates the area of a shape.
public class AreaCalculator(){
public double area(Shape shape){
double areaOfShape;
if(shape instanceof Square){
// calculate the area of Square
} else if(shape instanceof Circle){
// calculate the area of Circle
}
return areaOfShape;
}The problem with the above example is that if there is a new instance of type Shape for which you need to calculate the area in the future, you have to modify the above class by adding another conditional else-if block. You will end up doing this for every new object of the Shape type.
To overcome this, you can create an interface and have each Shape implement this interface. Then, each class can provide its own implementation for calculating the area. This will make your program easily extensible in the future.
interface IAreaCalculator(){
double area();
}
class Square implements IAreaCalculator{
@Override
public double area(){
System.out.println("Calculating area for Square");
return 0.0;
}
}
class Circle implements IAreaCalculator{
@Override
public double area(){
System.out.println("Calculating area for Circle");
return 0.0;
}
}Liskov Substitution Principle
The Liskov substitution principle states that you must be able to replace a superclass object with a subclass object without affecting the correctness of the program.
abstract class Bird{
abstract void fly();
}
class Eagle extends Bird {
@Override
public void fly() { // some implementation }
}
class Ostrich extends Bird {
@Override
public void fly() { // dummy implementation }
}In the above example, the Eagle class and the Ostrich class both extend the Bird class and override the fly() method. However, the Ostrich class is forced to provide a dummy implementation because it cannot fly, and therefore it does not behave the same way if we replace the Bird class object with it.
This violates the Liskov substitution principle. To address this, we can create a separate class for birds that can fly and have the Eagle extend it, while other birds can extend a different class, which will not include any fly behavior.
abstract class FlyingBird{
abstract void fly();
}
abstract class NonFlyingBird{
abstract void doSomething();
}
class Eagle extends FlyingBird {
@Override
public void fly() { // some implementation }
}
class Ostrich extends NonFlyingBird {
@Override
public void doSomething() { // some implementation }
}Interface Segregation Principle
According to the interface segregation principle, you should build small, focused interfaces that do not force the client to implement behavior they do not need.
A straightforward example would be to have an interface that calculates both the area and volume of a shape.
interface IShapeAreaCalculator(){
double calculateArea();
double calculateVolume();
}
class Square implements IShapeAreaCalculator{
double calculateArea(){ // calculate the area }
double calculateVolume(){ // dummy implementation }
}The issue with this is that if a Square shape implements this, then it is forced to implement the calculateVolume() method, which it does not need.
On the other hand, a Cube can implement both. To overcome this, we can segregate the interface and have two separate interfaces: one for calculating the area and another for calculating the volume. This will allow individual shapes to decide what to implement.
interface IAreaCalculator {
double calculateArea();
}
interface IVolumeCalculator {
double calculateVolume();
}
class Square implements IAreaCalculator {
@Override
public double calculateArea() { // calculate the area }
}
class Cube implements IAreaCalculator, IVolumeCalculator {
@Override
public double calculateArea() { // calculate the area }
@Override
public double calculateVolume() {// calculate the volume }
}Dependency Inversion Principle
In the dependency inversion principle, high-level modules should not depend on low-level modules. In other words, you must follow abstraction and ensure loose coupling
public interface Notification {
void notify();
}
public class EmailNotification implements Notification {
public void notify() {
System.out.println("Sending notification via email");
}
}
public class Employee {
private EmailNotification emailNotification;
public Employee(EmailNotification emailNotification) {
this.emailNotification = emailNotification;
}
public void notifyUser() {
emailNotification.notify();
}
}In the given example, the Employee class depends directly on the EmailNotification class, which is a low-level module. This violates the dependency inversion principle.
public interface Notification{
public void notify();
}
public class Employee{
private Notification notification;
public Employee(Notification notification){
this.notification = notification;
}
public void notifyUser(){
notification.notify();
}
}
public class EmailNotification implements Notification{
public void notify(){
//implement notification via email
}
}
public static void main(String [] args){
Notification notification = new EmailNotification();
Employee employee = new Employee(notification);
employee.notifyUser();
}In the above example, we have ensured loose coupling. Employee is not dependent on any concrete implementation, rather, it depends only on the abstraction (notification interface).
If we need to change the notification mode, we can create a new implementation and pass it to the Employee.
Conclusion
In conclusion, we've covered the essence of SOLID principles through straightforward examples in this article.
These principles form the building blocks for developing applications that are highly extensible and reusable.
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